AG真人

——以格鲁、萨迦、噶举三派为例

【zhaiyao】zangchuanfojiaosiyuanzailishishangzuoweizangqugedizhengzhi、jingji、wenhuadezhongxin，weichuanchengqijiaoyi、kongzhipangdadesengniduiwuyijiqianghuasiyuandezhengzhi、jingji、wenhuajisifadenggongneng，fazhanchulexitongeryoupangzadeneibuguanlimoshi。zheiyimoshigenjuzongpaidequbieyouyoubutongdetezheng。zongjielishijingyan，jiayifenxiyuyanjiu，youzhuyuquanmianjiaqianghechuangxinsimiaoguanli，goujiansimiaoguanlidezhangxiaojizhi，weihuzangchuanfojiaolingyudehexiewending。

【guanjianci】siyuan（miao）；neibuguanli；tezheng；qishi

the traditional internal management mode and its characteristics 

of tibetan buddhist monasteries

AG真人  

[Abstract] Tibetan Buddhist monasteries were the center of politics, economy and culture of Tibetan areas in
 history. In order to pass on their teachings and control of a large team of monks and nuns, as well as to strengthen
 the political, economic, cultural and judicial functions of monasteries, it had developed a systematic and complex
 monasteries internal management mode. And according to different schools of Tibetan Buddhism , this mode
 have different characteristics. This article focus on how to better integrate the traditional management mode and
 modern management concepts, so that the monasteries better to adapt to the rapid development of the politics and
 economy of  Tibet autonomous region.

[keywords] monastery, internal management, characteristics, revelation

zhengjiaoheyizhiduxiadesiyuanzuoweizangchuanfojiaodezhongyaozaiti，jishizongjiaohesiyuanjituanzishendeguanlizhehetongzhizhe，youshizangzudiqushehuidezhuyaoguanlizhehetongzhizhe。siyuanzuoweisandalingzhuzhiyi，shiweihuzongjiaotequan，gongguzhengjiaoheyizhidudezuijiandingheqiangdadeshehuizhengzhizuzhihejingshenliliang。yucixiangyingxingchengdesimiaoneibudeguanlimoshiduizangchuanfojiaodecunxuhefazhanyingxiangshenyuan。duizangchuanfojiaosimiaoneibuguanlizhidulishiheguilvjiayikaochaheyanjiu，bawoqineizaitezheng，duijiaqianghechuangxinsimiaoguanli，goujiansimiaoguanlidezhangxiaojizhi，jijitansuojianlifuhedangxiaxizangshiji、youxizangtediandesimiaoguanlitixi，yindaozangchuanfojiaoyushehuizhuyishehuixiangshiyingjuyouzhongyaoyiyi。

AG真人12shijihou，suizhezangchuanfojiaoyizusiweizhongxindegejiaopaixiangjichuxian，sengnizheiyiyizongjiaoweizhiyedeshehuijiecengyezaizangzudiqubuduanfazhanzhuangda。zhishiyixiezhuyaosiyuanbuduankuojian，erzusichuangjianzhededizihezaichuandiziyouzaigedixingjiansimiao，congersimiaodeshuliangbuduanzengduo。shisimiaosuihouzaizangzudiquchengweiyizhongdutedeshehuiwenhuashiti。xizangzongjiaojituanheshisuguizuxiangjieheerxingcheng“zhengjiaoheyi”zhiduyihou，siyuanjituansuichengweixizangshehuideshangcengtongzhijieji，ersimiaozhujianchengweigedidezhengzhi、jingji、wenhuazhongxin。weichuanchengjiaoyihejinyibukongzhipangdadesengniduiwu，qianghuasiyuandezhengzhi、jingji、wenhuahesifadenggongneng，zangchuanfojiaobutongdezongpaigenjugezidetedianhechuantong，fazhanchubujinxiangtongdesimiaoneibuguanlifangshi。

AG真人yi、zangchuanfojiaochuantongsiyuanneibuguanlidebutongmoshi

（yi）gelupai

genjulishiziliaodeyanjiuxianzhuang，gelupaisiyuanneibujianquandezuzhijigouheyangedeguanlizhidu，shiwushidalaizaiqingwangchaohemenggurendefuchixiaqudexizangzhengjiaoheyizhidudelingdaoquanhoujianlibingzhubuwanshanqilaide。qizhongzangchuanfojiaogelupailiudasiyuanzuijuyoudaibiaoxinghuodianxingxing。agzhenrenjiuyilasadesandasiweili，duigelupaisiyuandechuantongguanlimoshizuoyiguina。lasasandasideguanlitizhihejigouzhuyaoyoucuoqin、zhacang、kangcunhemicunsigebumengoucheng。

1、cuoqin

duilasasandasieryan，“cuoqin”shisiyuanjigouzhongdeyijibumen，yeshisiyuandezuigaoquanlizhongxin，yi“lajihuiyi”dezuzhixingshilaijizhonghuoxingshisiyuanquanli，qizhongfengxing“chiba”fuzezhi，tongshisheli“cuoqinjiwa”、“cuoqinxieao”、“cuoqinwengze”sigebutongfenguandesengguanlaigongtongguanlizhenggesiyuandeneiwaizhengjiaoshiwu。 

AG真人“chiba”ji“fatai”huocheng“zongfatai”，shizhangguanquansiyiqiezongjiaohuodongheneiwaishiwudezongfuzeren，zhuyaozaidajingtangjuxingdezhongdafahuishangxianshizijidezhishangzongjiaoquanli。“chiba”zheiyisengguanshizaiquansizhuyaozhacangkanbuzhongtuijujuyouyuanbofoxuezhishi、degaowangzhongdegaosenglaidanren。renqimeiyouyangedeguiding，shenzhizailishishangchuxianyousiyuandahuofozhangqidanren“chiba”zhiweidexianxiang。biru，diershizhidiwushidalailamacengchurenzhebangsi“chiba”，lidaijiamuyanghuofochangrenlabulengsidechiba，dengdeng。 

AG真人cuoqinjiwa，zhuyaofuzeguanliquansidecaiwuhuohouqingongzuo，tazaisiyuanneichongdangdaguanjiadejiaose。yinci，danrenzheiyizhiweidesengguankanchengsiyuanneibujigouzhongdehouqinbuzhang。   

cuoqinxieao，shifuzezhixingsiyuanliguidingdegexiangqingguijielvdegaojizhifasengguan。quanmianfuzequansisengjijiuchagongzuo。tongshi，zheiyisengguanhaiyoutequanshenlisiyuansuoshubaixingdejiufenanjiandeng。 

AG真人cuoqinwengze，zhuyaofuzeguanliyisiyuandajingtangweizhongxinjuxingdegeleizongjiaohuodong。biru，congrichangxingsengzhongsongjingdengzongjiaoyishidaojubandaxingfahuidengzongjiaohuodong。 

2、zhacang

AG真人zhacangshisandasijigouzhongxiangduidulideerjibumen，shixing“kanbu”fuzezhi。“kanbu”yicizaizongjiaoshuyuzhongyoushifu、dashi、qinjiaoshidengduozhonghanyi。gezhacangdekanbuyeshilajihuiyidechengyuan。danrenzheiyisengguanzhiweidegaosengshisiyuanzhonggegezhacangdequanweizhuchiren，xiangdangyuhanchuanfojiaosiyuanzhongdefangzhanghuodaheshang。youyudanrenkanbuzheiyisengguanyingjubeiyuanbodefoxuezhishi，yinerbixushisiyuanhuozhacangzhongzuiyouxuewendedegaowangzhongdegaoseng，suoyizaisandasizhongdanren“kanbu”zheiyisengguandesengrendadoushihuodezongjiaogexixueweidegaosengdade。

gegui，zhuyaozhangguangegezhacangsengzhongdemingcehejilv。shijishang，“gegui”shifuzeweichisengtuanqingguijielvdesiyuanzhishi，lishishangsandasidegeguizaixunshisengjishi，changsuishenxiedaitiezhang，suoyiyebeichengwei“tiebanglama”。

AG真人wengze，shizhangguangegezhacangjingtangneidesongjinggongkehezongjiaoyiguidesengguan。youyu“wengze”changyaozaifahuishangzhidaosengzhongsongjinghuoqinzilingsongjingwen，yibanyoushuxigeleijingwenqieshengyinhongliangdesengrenlaidanrenzheiyisengguan。

guonie，shizhangguangegezhacangdesuoyoucaiwudesengguan。

3、kangcun

zheiyijigoushezaigegezhacangzhixiaerchengweizhacangdexiashudanwei。ruzhebangsi4gezhacangzhong，shuguomangheluosailinlianggezhacangguimozuida，yixiafenbiesheyou16gehe24gekangcun。qiguanlitizhizeleisiyuzhacang，caiqukanbufuzezhi。 

4、micun

“micun”shikangcundexiashudanwei，youshisandasijigouzhongzuijicengdezuzhidanwei。yekeyijiangqijiedingweisiyuanjigoutizhizhongdesijibumen。congguanlitizhishangkan，gege“micun”zuoweisiyuandejicengzuzhidanwei，qineibushixing“gegan”zerenzhi。jiarubasiyuanshizuoyigexiangduidulideshehuizuzhi，neimemeige“micun”jiushiqizhongchongdangshehuixibaodejiating，er“gegan”zeshifuzeguanlizheigejiatingdeyijiazhizhang。  

AG真人leisiyusandasidenggelupaidedaxingsiyuan，tongguoyishangxitongdezuzhijigouhejiaoweijianquandeguanlizhidu，zaixizanggegediquyoutiaobuwendiyunxingyongyouchengqianshangwanmingsengzhongdepangdazongjiaojigou。xuyaozhichudeshi，leisisandasizheiyangdechaodasiyuan，zaiqixiamianhaiyoushangbaizuoshusiguiqiguanli，yejiushiyutacunzaizhelishuguanxi。duiyuzheixiezhongxiaoxingsimiao，zetongguopaiqian“kanbu”dejizhi，zaixiashusiyuanshixing“kanbu”fuzezhi，congerzaigegesiyuanzhijianjianlilishuguanxi，zhijieagzhenrenyujiuxizangdezhengjiaoheyizhidu。chucizhiwai，duiyuyixiesishudezhuangyuan，yexuyaopaichusengrenjinxingguanli。

（er）sajiapai

AG真人sajiapaizaiyuandaifazhanchulejiaoweixitongdesiyuanguanlimoshi，jingguojibainiandeyanxuhefazhan，xizangminzhugaigedeshihou，yijingfazhanchuyitaowanbeidezhengjiaojiehedeguanlimoshi。xizangzhengjiaoheyizhidushizaiyuandaixingchengde，sajiasizuoweizheiyitizhixingchengchuqidezhengjiaozhongxin，yedaibiaolesajiapaiguanlisiyuandezhuyaomoshi。ju《sajiashixishi》zai，gongyuan1265nian，basibafanhuixizanghou，zaiyuanyoudejichushang，wanshanlesajiasideguanlizhidu，shezhilegezhongguanzhi，shisajiasidezhengjiaozhinengjinyibuqianghua。zheiyiguanlitizhiyeweihoulaigandanpozhangsuocankaohejicheng。zuoweisajiasidezuozhuhuofawang，yitaweizhongxinxingchengleyixia13zhongguanzhihesuicong，bianyuguanlisuoyouzhengjiaoshiwu。zheixieguanzhiyou:

suoben，guanliyinshideguan，shijikecanyuzhengjiaoguanli，zhiquanjiaoda。

senben，yisishiguanliwoshi、fuzhuangdeguanzhi。

queben，guanlifofayishidengdeguanzhi。

jieben，fuzejiedaidengdeguanyuanzhi。

AG真人yiben，guanliwenshu、dangandengdeguanzhi。

zuoben，guanlicaiwudeguanzhi。

AG真人taben，fuzeanpaijutiyinshideguanzhi。

zhenben，fuzexiangdaodengdeguanzhi。

danben，fuzeanpaifahui、yishidengdezuocideguanzhi。

jiaben，guanlibanqiandengdeguanzhi。

AG真人daben，fuzeguanlima、chedengdeguanyuan。

AG真人zuoben，guanlisiyuan、xikashengchudeguanzhi。

qiben，fuzebaoguanzangaodeguanzhi。

AG真人zheixiezhiweiqishibuzhixianyuqibiaomianchengwei，yinweitamenshizuozhudetieshenshi

wei，zaishijilvzhiguochengzhong，quanxianwangwangdayushijiguanzhi，shixiezhusajiazuozhuguanlizongjiaoshiwudezhuyaorenyuan。sajiasizaihoulaidefazhanzhong，lvjingfenlie、zhongzu，shisiyuandeguanlimoshiyefashengleyixiebianhua。

basibashiqi，sajiasiyijingfenweiledongyuan、xiyuanheshangyuansangebufen。geyuanguibutongdeshangshiguanli，bingqiefucongsiyuanzuozhudetongyiguanli，ersiyuanzuozhu，huochengweisajiafawangzeyousanyuanlunliudanren。daohoulai，sajiasiyouhuafenwei4gelarang，zhei4gelarangjiushixituolarang、lakanglarang、renqinganglarangyijidouquelarang。gelarangdouyouzijidezuozhu，bingyifuzixiangcheng，danrengyouzongdesajiasizuozhu。suizhelishidefazhan，houlaizhishengxiadouquelarangzheiyizhi。zaisajiasizuozhudi48daishi，douquelarangzheiyizhiyoufenweipengcuo、zhuomalianggepozhang，zuozhuyoulianggepozhangdezhangzilunliudanren。

AG真人xizangminzhugaigeshi，juchengsajiazuozhuyichuanzhidi82dai。sajiasifenweinan、beiliangsi。nansishuyuxianzongyuan，xiayouduiwazhacanghecannizhacang；beisiweimizongyuan，zhishepanzangyizhacang。sajiasizuozhu，jisajiafawangweinan、beiersizuigaolingxiuheguanliren。danjutiguanlizongjiaoshiwuzhewei“kanqin”。kanqinxuanjushi，zhuyaokanqixueshi，erbuzhongqizili，renqibuding，xierenhouchengwei“kansu”。siyuandezhongyaoxingzhengshiwu，zeyoukanqinhesajiazuobashanglianghoubaoqingsajiazuozhupishi。kanqinzhuchinanbeiliangsilianhejuxingdegezhongzongjiaoyishi。kanqinhezuobashisiyuancuoqinyijidezhiwu，qixiayounan、beiersideerjiguanliceng。

nansishiwujunyou“xiezhakanbu”zhuchi，sheyouwengze、jisuo、luoben、quchenba、chaguan、casiba、menguandengzhiwu。zaishangshurenyuanzhong，jisuokangfuzerenzhuyaozhizeshi，guanlisimiaowuzideshouzhigongzuo，qici，haiduisiyuandesiguijielvhesiyuanshenghuojinxingjianduheguanli。luobenjiushishangshideyisi，shinansigezhacangdedaoshi，yibanyou6ren。quchenbadezhizezhuyaofuzeweichisiyuandeqingguijielv，xiangdangyugegui。casibaxiangdangyuyinshijiandurenyuan。nansiyinlaiyuanquyubutongerbasengshefenwei16gebutongdequkuai，chengwei“shiliudalin”。“lin”shisajiasidesanjizuzhi。meigelinyouyiweifuzeren“linben”，shijianguangezisuoshulindejieguijielvdesengren。linbenyaoyounengwanchenggexianglaoyi、shuanfojing、yanshouqingguijielvdelaosengdanren。

AG真人zaiyimizongyuanweizhudesajiabeisi，sengrenrenshuxiangduinansijiaoshao。raoqiangbayizhifuzemizongyuandesuoyoushiwu。qitazhiwuyouqindianguan、jiacuoluoben、gexiuxingyuankanbu、wengze、zhacangqueben、quechenba、chaguan、casibadeng。qindianguanhejiacuobenluozonglansineigexiangshiwu，jiacuobenluoyoushimizongyuandejingangshangshi。beisizhacangquebendezhizeyunansijisuodezhizexiangtong。qitazhiwuyunansijibenyizhi。

（san）gajupai

gajupaixingchengyu12shiji，zhipaifanduo，you“sidabaxiao”zhicheng。gajupaideyixiezhipaiyouyuzailishishangxiongjuyifang，huocengyiduzhangwoxizangdifangzhizhengquaneryingxiangjiaoda，rupazhugajupai、caibagajuyijizhigonggajudeng。gajupaiyoudezhipaiyijingshichuanerbufucunzai，muqianrengcunxuerqieyingxiangpodadepaixiyougamagajuhezhigonggaju。gamagajupaishizangchuanfojiaozhongcaiquhuofozhuanshixiangchengdezuizao，yeshimuqianweizhichuanchengzuijiudeyipai。gamagajudehuofozhuanshizhidujianlihou，qitapaibiecaizhengxiangmofangcaiquzhuanshizhidu。

AG真人gajupaidesimiaoneibuguanlitizhiyuzangchuanfojiaoqitazongpaijibenxiangsi，sineiyouxiezhakanbu、wengze、gegui、luoben、jisuo（wa）、dibadengzhiwu。yusajiapaixiangsi，gajupaijiaoweixianzhudetezhengshisimiaoguanlifenliangtaobanzishixing，yishiyi“xiezhakanbu”weizhudexianzongxuejingyuan；lingyigeshiyi“zhuben”weizhudemizongxiuxingyuan，chengwei“zhukang”。xianzongyuanhemizongyuangeziyouyitaoguanlibanzi，ersiyuanzongdeshiwuzeyou“jiqiaokanbu”fuze。siyuancuoqinyijidezhiwuhaiyoucuoqinwengze、cuoqingegui、jisuodengzhiwu，yusajia、geludengpaiwudabie。

lishishang，gajupaisimiaodeguanlizaixingchengwendingjizhiqian，simiaozuozhudechuanchengchuxianguoliangzhongbutongdexingshi。yishiyixueyuanweizhudefuzi、shuzhi、xiongdidengxingshixiangchuan；ershiyihuofozhuanshidexingshichuanchengfazuo。gamagajupaizaozaigongyuan1283nian，zaidiershigamabagamabaxiyuanjihou，biankaishileqizhuanshixitong。zheishigaipaidesimiaochuanchengjizhiyededaolehenhaodejiejue。zaihoulaidefazhanzhong，gamagajushizhongweiraogamabazheiyizhuanshixitong，zongpaishilijiushengbushuai。shuyudiyizhongxingshidekejianyuzaoqidecaiba、barong、pazhu、dalong、zhigongdengpaidelishizhong。zaihoulaidefazhanzhong，yijiazuchuanchengxingshiweizhudepaibie，juedaduoshuyesuizhejiazushilidexueruohejiazujuesidengyuangu，luxushuaibaixiaqu，zhizhijuewang。erzhigonggajupaiyugongyuan17shijikaishicaiquhuofozhuanshidexingshi，laijiejueyinjurejiazushuaiweierdailaidesimiaochuanchengheguanliwenti。zheiyeshizhigonggajuyizhicunxuhechuanchengxiaqudeyigezhongyaoyuanyin。

AG真人zaizhigongsilishishang，chulecengyoukanqingurewahejuenongbadengzaifeichangshiqichurensiyuanzuozhuzuoweiguoduwai，yizhiyoujurejiazuchengyuandanrenzhuchi。daolediershisanrenzuozhugongjuepingcuohou，jurejiazuxuetongduanjue，kaishicaiyongsiyuanhuofozhuanshizhidu，bingxingchenglianggezhuanshixitong。diershierrenzuozhuhegongjuepingcuoweixiongdi，qiedoumeiyouzisi。yushizaidiershierrenzuozhuyuanjihou，gongjuepingcuoweiqixunzhaozhuanshilingtong，bingshizhichengweilediershisirenzuozhu，qixitongbeichengwei“qiecang”。gongjuepingcuoyuanjihou，shiyoudiershisirenzuozhuweiqixundezhuanshilingtong，houlaichengweizhigongsidiershiwurenzuozhu，qixitongchengwei“qiongcang”。lianggezhuanshixitongdehuofohuweishitu，lunliudanrensiyuanzuozhu。zhigongsigongyouliugelazhanghebagehuofozhuanshixitong，dansimiaozuozhuzhinengyoushangshulianggezhuanshixitongdanren。

AG真人er、zangchuanfojiaochuantongsimiaoneibuguanlimoshidetezhengfenxi

gelupaizailishishangjiquqitazongpaixiangguanjingyandejichushang，fazhanchuxitong、pangzadesiyuanneibuguanlitixi。gelupaisiyuanzaijutigongnengfangmianjichuancheng、yanxifojiaojiaoyihegonggu、qianghuazhengjiaoheyidefengjiannongnuzhiduweiyiti，keweishizangchuanfojiaosiyuanguanliyuyunzuodejidachengzhe。yingelupaiweizangchuanfojiaochuanglizuiwandeyizhizongpai，zaixizanglishishangyechuyuzhengjiaoheyizhidudefazhandingshengshiqi，suoyiqisiyuandeneibuguanlitizhiyejijuzhiduxing、dengjixinghedulixing。sajiasideguanlimoshijibenyanxilebasibashiqiquelidezhidu。youyusajiasifazhanzhongjinglilejicifenlieyubianqian，shisimiaoneibudeguanlitizhiyesuizhifashengleyixiebianhua。zongtishangkan，yuandaishiqisajiapaijianguanzongjiaoyushisudelishichuantong，yejizhengjiaoheyideduanni，zaisajiapaisimiaoguanlizhongliuxiadehenjijiaoweimingxian，yizhidaoxizangdeminzhugaigeqianxi，sajiasizuozhushizhongshisajiapaijiqishumindezuigaolingxiuhetongzhizhe。gajupaizuoweiyizhitixipangzadezongpai，zhipaizhongduo，qiedabufenyizailishishangxiaoshengniji，weinengzhangwozheifangmianyouxiaodeziliao，jinhourengyouhenduotianbudekongbai。jiuchubusihezhigongsidelishihexianzhuanglaifenxi，gajupaiyihuofoweizhushixingsiyuanneibuguanlidechuantongzuiweituchu。suishuogajupaizuixiancaiquhuofozhuanshizhidu，danzhigongpaicaiquzheiyixingshichuanchengsiyuanzuozhuzezaihenwancaichuxian。ruqiansuoshu，congqichudexueyuanweizhuchuanchengsiyuanzuozhudexingshidaohoulaidehuofoweizhu，zheishizhigongsilishifazhandezhuanzhedian，yeshizhigonggajuzheiyizongpaideyicunxuhefazhandeyigezhongyaoyinsu。zongtieryan，zangchuanfojiaosiyuandeneibuchuantongguanlimoshijuyouyixiajigemingxiantezheng:

shouxian，siyuansengrendengjisenyan，zhiwufengongmingque，guanlizizhuxingqiang，tixianchuzhengjiaohe

yizhiduxiasimiaoguanlidezhengquantexing。siyuanneibuguanliyibandouyouliangtaojigouzucheng，jizongjiaoshiwujigouhexingzhengjigou。yinzongpaidebutong，qixingshihemingchengyebujinxiangtong；zaitongyizongpainei，youyinsimiaoguimodaxiaoerjigoushezhiyouchabie。siyuandehuofo、putongsengnidouyouyangededengjizhidu，butongdejibiexiangshoudedaiyuhetequanguidingmingque。siyuandeneibuguanlihaishejiqishuxiaweishuzhongduodezhuangyuanhemuchang，congersiyuanhaijubeilezhengzhi、jingji、jiaoyu、sifadengzhineng。

AG真人qici，simiaochuantongneibuguanlizhonghuofodeweiwangshizhongyoushenhoudelishigenji。huofozhuanshixitongzuichudechanshengjiushiweijiejuezongpaifazhanqiantuhesimiaojichengrenwenti。zangchuanfojiaoqiaomiaodiyunyongfojiaode“sanshen”xueshuo，chuangliledutedehuofozhuanshiwenhua。qishi，zangchuanfojiaogedazongpaidehuofochuanshixitongchanshengbeihou，douyoudangshiteshudelishibeijing。heli、youxiaodijiejuechuanchengjiushizheiyizhiduchanshengdezhijieyuanyin。jibainianlai，huofoyichengweizangchuanfojiaochuanchengyufazhanzhongdeguanjianxingrenwu，shenzhikeyijuedingyigezongpaihesimiaodexingshuaichengbai。zaichuantongdesimiaoneibuguanlimoshizhong，huofodediweigengshibuketidai。huofozonglansimiaoneisuoyoudesengzhiderenmianquan，duisimiaodezhongdashijianhefazhanfangxiangyouzhewukezhengbiandejuedingquan。suizhezhengjiaoheyilishidefazhan，huofobujinshisimiaodezongjiao、zhengzhi、jingjidengshijishiwudezhangguanzhehedangdidezongjiaolingxiu，erqiehenduohuofohaishidangdidezuigaoxingzhengguanyuan。

disan，zuoweisiyuanerjibumende“zhacang”yongyoujiaodadedulixinghezizhuxing。henduoshihou，gelupaisiyuandezhacangxiangdangyuyizuodulidesimiao，qineibujubeiyigesimiaozhengchangyunxingdesuoyoutiaojian，rujingyuan、kanbu、sengren、jingxuezuzhiyijijingjishourudengkeyiwanquanduliyunxing。yixiezhacangneibudeshiwuwanquanyouzhacangkanbudandujueding，buxuyaoxiangsiyuanyijizuzhichengbao，ruzhacangdegegui、wengze、niecangdengjunyouzhacangkanburenming。yixiezhacanghaiyouzhuanshuzijidezhacangxika，ruzhebangsiguomangzhacang、abazhacang、selasijiezhacangdouzaidonggazongyougezidexikalingdi。zhacangkanbuyizhiyexiangyouhendazizhuquan，selasijie、mai、abasangezhacangshaoshukanbuderenqi，jujizaifenbiewei25nian、18nian、17nian、13nian，yixiezhiyouliangnian。《selasijiezhacangjiuyue》zhongjiyou: “danrenzhiwushinian，qimanjizixingciqu”。keyikanchu，zhacangkanbusuixujingguosiyuanheyuangashazhengfudetuijuherenming，danzhacangneibudeyuedingheguizerengshizhongyaojuedingyinsu。lasasandasidezhacangkanbuhaiyouchuxijiuxizanggashazhengfuzhongyaohuiyidezige。yidulidezhacangqishijiuxiangdangyuyixiezhong、xiaoxingsimiao。

zaici，siyuanzhacangxiayijidekangcun，zegenjusengrengezidejiguanlaizuzhi、qufen。zheixiekangcunnangkuolexizangjiyiwaidezangqu、menggudengdi，shenzhiguowaiyixiezangchuanfojiaoliuxingquyu；youdezejingquedaomuqiandexianyijiquyu。zheiyang，yifangmiangujidaobutongdiqusengrendeshenghuoxisuheyuyantezheng；lingyifangmianzechuyubianyuguanlihezuzhi。zheiyeshisiyuanneibuguanlitizhideyigejijurenxinghuadetezheng，tixianleduizangchuanfojiaosimiaoguanlidejichengyuwanshan。

san、jidianqishi

AG真人zangchuanfojiaosimiaochuantongdeneibuguanlimoshifazhandaojindaixizang，suiranduifojiaozheiyiwailaizongjiaodebentuhua、simiaodeguifanhuadengfangmianchanshenglezhongdadeyingxiang，zishenyecongwudaoyou，congmofangdaochuangxin，congwailaiwenhuadaobentuwenhua，zhujianfazhanchengweiyitaoxitong、wanzhengdesimiaoneibuguanlitizhi。danyouyuqibenshendanshengyuzhengjiaoheyidezhiduxia，daiyouyangededengjizhi，yijizhengzhi、jingjishangdeyapoxingheboxuexing，genbenjuedingquanshizhongzhangwozaishaoshushangcengsenglvheguanyuanshouzhong，chuyuzuidicengdeguangdasengzhongmeiyourenhezhengzhiquanlihejingjiquanlikeyan。xizangminzhugaigeyihou，kaichuanglezangchuanfojiaominzhuguanlidezhanxinmoshi，chedixiaomielezaizhengjiaoheyizhixiaxingchengdesimiaofengjiantequan。simiaominzhuguanlizheiyixinxingguanlimoshishixizangminzhugaigedeshenglichengguo，shishehuijinbudebiranxuanze。danshi，youyuzangchuanfojiaolingyuyizhichuyufanfenliedouzhengdeqianyan，shizhongmianlinzhedalaijituanliyongzongjiaojinxingdeyanzhongganraohepohuai，jiazhizongjiaozaishehuibiangehefazhanzhongdexiangduizhihouxing，simiaorengranzaixuduofangmiancunzaizheyushehuizhuyishehuibushiying、buxiediaodexianxiang。congqixingchenglishihetezhengshanglaikan，zaijichengbufenhelineirongdetongshi，rengyaoduichuantongneibuguanlimoshijinxingshenrudeshenshiyufansi。

shouxian，zaixinshidaitiaojianxia,zangchuanfojiaosimiaoyingjinyibuzhengbenqingyuan、fanpoguizhen，hongyangqichuanchengxinyangdeshouyaogongneng。zuoweijichenghehongyangzongjiaojiaoyidegenbenchangsuo，zangchuanfojiaosimiaozailishishangshizhongbanyanzhezongjiaogenjudidejiaose。wulunshigedazongpaixiangjijianlidemusi，haishizaifazhanhekuozhangguochengzhongluxujianzaoqilaideshusi，tamenshouxianshiyihongyanggezidejiaoyiweijiren。suoyousimiaozhongdousheyoukanbu、wengze、geguidengzhongyaozhiwu，zheixiedouzaijingxueguochengzhongchengdanzhebukehuoquedejiaose。yizuosimiaohuozhacangdekanbuwangwangshisengzhongdezhuyaojingshi，yebianchengweisengrenmendegenbenshangshi。kanbudejingxuesixiangheyanchuanshenjiaoduiqidizimenyingxiangzhongda。erwengzechengdanzhezhidaohejianduxuexijingdiandezeren，zaisimiaojuxingdegezhongjingxuehefoshihuodongzhongxiandegewaizhongyao。geguishiweichisiyuanqingguijielvdesengguan，zaibaozhangsimiaoxinyangchuanchengdechunjiexinghetongyixingshangfahuizhezhongyaozuoyong。ciwai，haiyouyixiezhongyaozhiwufenbuzaisimiaojingxuetizhiyunzuozhongdegegehuanjie。chengran，simiaozhongdeyixiezhiwuzaizhengjiaoheyizhiduxia，cengjingbaolanguozongjiaoshiwuyiwaideshisuzhengzhineirong，chengweituidongheweihuzheiyizhidudejichengren。anzhaojiegougongnengpaideguandian，shehuitixidegegebufenxianghuyicun、xianghuyingxiang、bicizhiyue，renheyibufendefazhanhebianhuadouhuiyingxiangdaoqitabufendebianhua，jineryingxiangzhenggetixi。zongjiaobeikanzuoshiyizhongshehuijigou，yizhongtixihualederenleixingweidexingshi，shizheigeshehuidezuchengbufen，juyouzijidegongneng，erqifahuidegongnengyushehuitixiyouzhemiqiedeguanlian。zangchuanfojiaosimiaodechuantonggongnengyejiuyudangshizhengjiaoheyideshehuishuxingyouzhejinmilianxi。dancongneixiezhiwuzaisimiaoshezhidechuzhongfenxi，yedoulibukaichuanchengzongjiaoxinyangzheiyishouyaorenwu。bokaizhengjiaoheyizheiyilishizhiduxiadeteshugongneng，zangchuanfojiaosimiaodeneibuguanlimoshifangnengtixianchuanchengxinyangdeshouyaoxing。

AG真人qici，jiaqianghechuangxinsimiaoneibuguanlishizhongzunxunzhengjiaofenlidegenbenyuanze。zhengjiaofenlishixiandaizhengzhixuedeyixiangjibenyuanze。chuantongdezangchuanfojiaosimiaoneibuguanlimoshijigoupangza，gongnengwanbei，qielingjiayushisushehui。erzaidangjinshehui，youliyushehuiguankongzhinei，bingyuequangansheshisushiwudechuantongdesimiaoneibuguanlimoshi，zaoyibufuheagzhenrenguoshehuizhuyishehuidegexiangzhidu，bingweibeixiandaizongjiaofazhandepubianguilv。yifazhiguoshiagzhenrenguoagzhenrenhezhiliguojiadeyixiangjibenfanglve，simiaozuoweizongjiaohuodongchangsuohewenwuyichandanwei，yinaruleguojiafalvtixizhongshishiyifaguanli。weijinyibuweihuxizangzongjiaolingyudehexiewending，xizangdangweizhengfuzuochulejiaqianghechuangxinsimiaoguanlidejueding，qianghuayifaguanlihezhengfuguanlisimiaodelidu。ersimiaozuoweizongjiaohuodongchangsuo，shizongjiaoxinyanghehuodongdeyanshengwu，yanxijiaoyi、chuanchengxinyangshiqizhuyaogongneng，yeshiqicunzaidezhuyaojiazhi。feichusimiaodefengjiantequan，bolisimiaoyushehuizhengzhi、jingji、jiaoyudengfangmiandeqianlian，shishehuigexiangshiyeshunlifazhandejibenbaozhang，yeshizangchuanfojiaojiankangfazhandeneizaiyaoqiu。

AG真人disan，zongjiejingyan，lizushiji，tansuojianlisimiaoguanlizhangxiaojizhi。chuantongdesimiaoneibuguanlimoshikeshangleshenshendezhiduheshidailuoyin。zangchuanfojiaosimiaochuantongdeneibuguanlimoshibijingcuishenghechengshuyuzhengjiaoheyizhiduxia，neibuyunzuozhongchuchutixianlejiejishehuiguyoudeshuxing。gonggongziyuandelongduanhexianmingdedengjixingzaichuantongguanlimoshixiabiaoxiandelinlijinzhi，daduoshuputongsengrenchuyubeiyazhihuoyifuyusimiaodezhuangtai，shenzhihenduosengrenshibeipoxuanzexuefaweizeng。putongsengzhongjihumeiyoubiaodayiyuandequanli，duisimiaodezhongdajuecehefazhanqiantudeyingxianggengwucongtanqi。simiaominzhugaigehou，guangdazhong、xiacengsengniyichengweisimiaodezhenzhengzhuren，simiaodezhongdajuecedouyouquantisengniminzhutaolunjueding。zheiyuchuantongdeyigerenyizhilaiguanlihejuedingsimiaoshiwuxingchengxianmingduibi，shisimiaoguanliyushehuifazhanziranjiegui，bingzouxiangxiandaihuadebiranjieguo。danshi，simiaodeneibuguanlirengxuxitonghua、guifanhua、zhiduhua，shisimiaojinyibuxiediaoheshehuifazhanyuwendingdeguanxi，xiaochubushiyingshehuidemouxiegongneng，fahuiqizaishehuifazhanzhongdejijiyinsu。yinci，zaijiaqianghechuangxinsimiaoguanliguochengzhong，jianlijianquanneibuguanlidegexiangzhiduxiandeyouweizhongyao。zaixiandaiguanlililunheshijianzhong，zhidushiguanlidejishi，yeshiguanliyouxudebaozhang。renheyixiangguanlihuodongdoubixuyaozaizhiducengmianshang“guiding”hexiediaozhufangmianshiyi，ruzuzhidejiagou、renyuandexingweiguifan、xiangguandegongzuochengxudeng。suoyi，mouzhongyiyishang，guanliwuyijiushi“zhidu”shishidequanguocheng。

tongshi，zaizhuruxiandaiguanlilinian、zhonggousimiaoneibuguanlimoshidejichushang，duichuantongmoshijinxingrenzhenyangqi，baocunbufenyuanyoudesimiaofengongyuchengwei，jiangzangchuanfojiaochuantongguanlizhihuihexiandaiguanlililunyoujijieheqilai，shijinkenengtixianzangchuanfojiaohouzhongerdutedelishiwenhuaneihan，duitansuojianlifuhedangxiashijiyuxizangtediandesimiaoguanlitixijuyouzhongyaoyiyi。

(wangluobianji: danzenglangda)